Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979).

MycoBank number: MB 81599; Index Fungorum: IF 81599; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00204, 377 species.

Saprobic on decaying wood and leaves in terrestrial and/ or aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, seated on a subiculum, unilocular, globose-subglobose to obovate, solitary to gregarious, cream-white, yellow, pale brown, brown to black, ostiolate, with or without setae. Peridium composed of cells of textura angularis, thick-walled cells, yellow, pale brown, dark brown to black externally, with thin layers of textura prismatica inwardly, hyaline, yellow, pale brown to brown. Hamathecium comprising numerous filiform, septate, branched, sometimes anastomosing, hyaline pseudoparaphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, saccate, cylincrical to clavate, sometimes broadly oblong-subclavate, with or without an apically rounded, distinct ocular chamber, with or without pedicel, smooth-walled. Ascospores 2–3-seriate to fasciculate, elongate, cylindric, fusiform to filiform, tapering towards narrow ends, hyaline to pale brown, sometimes yellow, multi-septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, 1) helicosporous. Colonies on the substratum superficial, effuse, gregarious, white to pink, pale yellow to yellow green, pale brown to brown. Mycelium mostly immersed, partly superficial, composed of branched, septate hyphae, hyaline, pale brown to brown, with masses of crowded conidia. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, cylindrical, branched or unbranched, hyaline, pale brown to dark brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, discrete or integrated, determinate or sympodial, terminal or intercalary, denticulate, arising laterally from the lower parts of conidiophores as tiny tooth-like protrusions or bladder-like protrusions, sometimes truncate at apex after conidial secession, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, or pleurogenous, or acropleurogenous, helicoid, rounded at tip, hyaline to yellow green, yellow, pale brown to brown, multi-septate, guttulate, smooth-walled; 2) chlamydosporous. Conidiophores lacking. Chlamydospores holoblastic, broadly oval to ellipsoid, dictyoseptate, pale brown when immature, darkened to black when matured, with terminal cells round and subhyaline; 3) phragmosporous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, arising as lateral branches from creeping hyphae, branched or unbranched, thin-walled and smooth, indistinctly septate, flexuous, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, sympodial, terminal or intercalary, cylindrical, with denticles, hyaline. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, fusiform to obclavate, slightly curved and acute at both ends, hyaline, multi-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, guttulate, smooth-walled.

Type: Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): 517 (1898) [1897].

Notes: Tubeufiaceae was introduced based on the generic type Tubeufia to accommodate bitunicate ascomycetes occurring as saprobes on decaying wood. Barr (1979a) accepted six genera in the family, while Rossman (1987) accepted 12 genera, Kirk et al. (2001) accepted 21 genera, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted 23 genera, and Boonmee et al. (2014b) accepted 19 genera. Brahamanage et al. (2017) introduced Dictyospora, Chaiwan et al. (2017) introduced Neotubeufia, Luo et al. (2017) introduced Muripulchra and Neohelicomyces, Liu et al. (2018) introduced Helicotubeufia and Neohelicosporium to this family based on morphology and phylogeny (Lu et al. (2018b) reappraised Tubeufiaceae and introduced 13 genera, and accepted 43 genera in this family based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological evidence. Liu et al. (2019) introduced Kevinhydea and Jayasiri et al. (2019) introduced Discotubeufia and Hyde et al. (2020b) introduced Camporesiomyces. Currently, Tubeufiaceae contains 46 genera (Lu et al. 2018b; Jayasiri et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019).

Key to genera of Tubeufiaceae
1. Ascomata present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
1. Ascomata lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15
2. Ascomata with setose appendages or flexuous hyphae,
seated directly on substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3
2. Ascomata without appendages, seated on a basal
subiculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
3. Asexual state known in culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4
3. Asexual state not known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7
4. Conidia dictyochlamydosporous, black . .Chlamydotubeufia
4. Conidia helicosporous, hyaline to pale brown . . . . . . 0.5
5. Conidia born in sheath, helicoma-like . . . . Helicangiospora
5. Conidia born on hyphae, helicosporium-like . . . . . . . 0.6
6. Conidiophores mononematous . . . . . . Acanthohelicospora
6. Conidiophores micronematous . . . . . Neoacanthostigma
7. Ascospores filiform, spiral in asci . . . . . Acanthophiobolus
7. Ascospores fusiform, clavate-fusiform, cylindric-fusoid, 2–
3-seriate in asci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8

8. Ascospores muriform, dictyoseptate . . . Boerlagiomyces
8. Ascospores phragmosporous, trans-septate . . . . . . . . 0.9
9. Ascospores greater than 30-septate . . . . . . Kamalomyces
9. Ascospores less than 30-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10
10. Ascospores equally 5-septate . . . . . . . . Thaxteriellopsis
10. Ascospores greater than 5-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.11
11. Ascomata greater than 200μm diam; ascospores hyaline
to pale brown ..Acanthostigmina
11. Ascomata less than 200μm diam; ascospores hyaline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acanthostigma
12. Ascomata on scale insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podonectria
12. Ascomata on decaying or rotting wood . . . . . . . .0.1312
13. Ascospores allantoid or vermiform, equally 7-
septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thaxteriella
13. Ascospores elongated cylindrical-subfusiform, greater
than 7-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1413
14. Ascomata pale yellow to pale brown; with numerous
pseudoparaphyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tubeufia
14. Ascomata dark brown to black; lacking
pseudoparaphyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bifrontia
15. Conidia dictyosporous, apically appendaged, heavily
pigmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tamhinispora
15. Conidia phragmosporous, helicosporous, light
pigmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16
16. Conidia fusoid to sickle-shaped, slightly curved, always
aquatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aquaphila
16. Conidia coiled, aquatic or terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
17. Conidiophores absent; conidia borne directly on
hyphae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helicomyces
17. Conidiophores present, dark pigmented . . . . . . . . . 0.18
18. Conidia coiled 1–1½ times; conidial filament greater than
6μm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helicoma
18. Conidia coiled 3½–4½ times; conidial filament less than
6μm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helicosporium