Penicillium globosum L. Cai, Houbraken & X.Z. Jiang, in Diao et al., Cladistics: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12365, 16 (2018).

Index Fungorum number: IF 818149; MycoBank number: MB 818149; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11432; Fig. 1

Holotype – HMAS 247726

Culture characteristics – Colonies growing after 5 days at 25±2 °C on following agar media: CYA colonies medium growing, sulcate, slightly umbonate towards centre, filiform mycelia, cottony, mycelium greyish green (26E4), 11–12 mm in diam.; margins irregular, deep; sporulation greyish green (27E5) to white (26A1); exudate absent; soluble pigment absent; reverse filamentous, mycelia deep green (29E8) with the outline of white, sporulation greyish green (25D4) to cream (4A3). MEA colonies medium growing, velutinous, flat, powdery, dull green (26D3) mycelia, 13–14 mm in diam.; margins regular; sporulation greyish green to ocean green with the white periphery, often raised centrally; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse mycelia oyster grey (2C2), yellowish-white (1A2), yellowish-grey (3B2), pistachio green (28C4), greyishgreen (29B3), sporulation white (29A1). CYAS colonies slow-growing, floccose, cottony, umbonate, mycelia greyish green (26B1), 10 mm in diam.; margin irregular; sporulation greyish green (26C3) and white; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse wrinkled, white (6D4) mycelia, brownish beige in between periphery and mycelia, sporulation white (6A1). OA colonies fast-growing, slightly suppressed, powdery, mycelia greyish green (26E5), 20 mm in diam.; margin regular; sporulation white (26A1) to greenish-white (26A2); exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse mycelia white, sporulation greenish-white (27A2). CZ colonies slow-growing, powdery, flat, cream (4A3), 3–5 mm in diam.; margin irregular; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse yellowish-white (4A2) mycelia, sporulation cream (4A3). DG18 colonies slow-growing, flat, cottony, mycelium silver white (2B2), 8–9 mm diam.; margin irregular; sporulation whit; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse mycelia silver white (2B3), sporulation white. YES colonies fast-growing, sulcate, cottony, umbonate towards mycelia, filiform mycelia, mycelia greyish green, 24–25 mm diam.; margin irregular; sporulation white; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse filamentous, mycelia jade green (27E5), sporulation white. CREA colonies flat, cottony, orange white (5A2) mycelia, 8–9 mm in diam.; margin irregular; sporulation white; reverse pastel yellow (3A4), mycelia greyish orange (5D6), white sporulation; acid production present.

Micromorphology – Conidiophores predominantly biverticillate, rarely monoverticillate; stipes rough walled, 40–150×3.2–4 µm. Metulae 2–4 per stipe, predominantly divergent, 7.5–20.5 × 2.5–4 µm. Phialides ampulliform, 2–19 per metulae, 7.5–13 × 2.5–4 μm. Conidia smooth, globose to subglobose, 3.4–4.1×2.5–3.8 μm; sclerotia not observed.

Material examined – India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai City, (09° 55′ 35″ N 78° 07′ 23″ E), from soil sample, 6 August 2019, K.C. Rajeshkumar and S. Raveendran, NFCCI 5061.

Substrates and distribution – In acidic soil in China and Australia; rainforest soil from Malaysia; industrial installations in Netherlands; soil in Citrus grove in Florida, USA (Calabon et al. 2022), soil and freshwater from Korea (Pangging et al. 2021).

GenBank numbers – ITS: OK342120, BenA: OL652653, CaM: OM948800, rpb2: OL652657.

Notes – Based on concatenated phylogenetic analyses of ITS, BenA, CaM, and rpb2 gene loci, our strain (NFCCI 5061) aligns with the type strain of Penicillium globosum (CBS144639) and P. cataractum (CBS 140974). These two Penicillium species shared identical ITS sequences (Diao et al. 2018) and therefore, both species grouped together in the ITS phylogeny.

Figure 1 – Penicillium globosum (NFCCI 5061). a, b Colonies after 5d at 25±2 °C on CYA, MEA surface view (above) and reverse view (below). c–h Surface view of colony on CREA, CYAS, CZA, DG18, OA, YES. i Biverticillate penicilli. j Monoverticillate penicilli. k Conidia. Scale bar: i–k=10 μm