Penicillium javanicum J.F.H. Beyma, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 26: 17. 1929.
Index Fungorum number: IF 268394; Mycobank number: MB 268394; Facesoffungi number: FoF 16046 Fig. 1
Holotype – CBS 341.48.
Saprobic on soil. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiophores predominantly monoverticillate, rarely with solitary phialides; Stipes smooth-walled, short 40–90 × 1.5–2.0 µm; Phialides ampulliform, with a narrow neck, 8–11×2.0–2.5 µm, in verticils of 2–5; Conidia smooth, subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 2.5–3.0 × 2.2–2.5, 5 µm, borne in irregular columns; Sclerotia not observed.
Culture characteristics – Colonies growing after 7 days at 25±2 °C on following agar media: CYA colonies fast growing, radially sulcate, slightly umbonate towards centre, velutinous, mycelia champagne (4B4) to white (1A1), 35–42 mm in diam.; margins irregular, deep; sporulation dull green (27E3), star shaped at centre; exudate light orange (5A5) droplets, present irregularly; soluble pigment absent; reverse filamentous, butter yellow (4A5) at centre, cream (4A3) to yellowish white (4A2) towards periphery. MEA colonies fast-growing, velutinous, slightly umbonate, raised, mycelia light yellow (4A4) to white (1A1), 32–57 mm in diam.; margins irregular, deep; sporulation dull green (26D3); exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse dull green (26D3) at centre, light yellow (4A4) to pale yellow (3A3) towards periphery. CYAS colonies medium-growing, velutinous, highly wrinkled, umbonate, mycelia white (1A1), 26–29 mm in diam.; margin irregular, deep; sporulation dull green (27D3); exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse bottle green (26F4) at centre, butter yellow (4A5) towards periphery. OA colonies medium-growing, velutinous, mycelia pastel yellow (2A4) to white (1A1), 23–28 mm in diam.; margin irregular; sporulation jade green (27E5); exudates present in form of colourless droplets; soluble pigments absent; reverse dull green (26F4) at centre, pale yellow (1A3) to white (1A1) towards periphery. CZ colonies medium-growing, velutinous, raised, white (1A1) entire, 22–30 mm in diam.; margin irregular; exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse white (1A1) entire. DG18 colonies slow-growing, velutinous, mycelium white (1A1), 15–17 mm diam.; margin irregular; sporulation greyish green (27D5) to pale green (27A3); exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse jade green (27E5) to greyish green (27B5) at centre, greenish white (27A2) to white (1A1) towards periphery. YES colonies fast-growing, velutinous, highly wrinkled, umbonate, mycelia pastel yellow (1A4) to white (1A1), 40–58 mm diam.; margin regular; sporulation jade green (27E5); exudates absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse olive brown (4E5) at centre, chinese yellow (4B7) to butter yellow (4A5) towards periphery. CREA colonies medium-growing, velutinous, greenish white (28A2) mycelia, 24–32 mm in diam.; margin irregular; reverse white (1A1) entire; acid production present.
Material examined – India, Karnataka, Mangalore (12°53′57″N, 74°53′19″E), from soil sample, 30 March 2019, Nikhil Ashtekar and Rajeshkumar K.C., living culture NFCCI RKCNK78.
Hosts and distribution – China, Colombia, French Guiana, Indonesia, Korea, Pakistan and Brasil (Khan et al. 1992; Houbraken et al. 2011; Amaria et al. 2016; Lunardelli et al. 2016; Park et al. 2016; Ramos et al. 2018; Liang et al. 2020)
GenBank numbers – NFCCI RKCNK78: ITS=OK342120, BenA=OL652653, CaM=OM948800, rpb2=OL652657.
Notes – Based on a concatenated phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, BenA, CaM, and rpb2 gene regions, the isolated strain of P. javanicum (NFCCI RKCNK78) aligns with the type strain of P. javanicum (CBS 341.48). Morphologically, both strains share the same characteristics such as strictly monoverticillate conidiophores with smooth-walled stipes, phialides ampulliform, ellipsoidal to pyriform conidia with smooth to finely rough ornamentation. Further, both the colonies show floccose texture with radial sulcations, and the presence of exudates on CYA media. Hence, the macromorphological and micromorphological characteristics of the isolated species match with the type species, P. javanicum (CBS 341.48). However, P. javanicum has not been reported from India and this is the first report (Fig. 2).
Figure 1 – Penicillium javanicum (NFCCI RKCNK78). a, b Colonies after 7d at 25±2 ºC on CYA and MEA obverse and reverse. c CREA obverse. d CYAS obverse. e CZA obverse. f DG18 obverse. g OA (natural) obverse. h YES obverse. i–j terverticillate conidiophore. k Conidia. Scale bar: i–k=10 μm
Figure 2 – The best scoring RAxML tree for the combined dataset of ITS, BenA, CaM, and rpb2 sequence data of Penicillium section Chrysogena and the topology and clade stability of the combined gene analyses was not significantly different from the single gene analyses. The matrix had 146 distinct alignment patterns with 1.04% undetermined characters and gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A=0.235786, C=0.262842, G=0.264881, T=0.236491; substitution rates AC=1.257946, AG=4.575327, AT=0.804181, CG=1.096188, CT=9.062628, GT=1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α=0.747497. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 70%, Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) equal to or greater than 0.90 are shown as ML/PP at the nodes. The tree is rooted to Penicillium roqueforti (CBS 221.30). The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue bold